Test autisme
Test autisme
Syphilis is a bacterial infection responsible for lesions of the skin and mucous membranes may affect many organs. The frequency of the disease remains high in developed countries (several thousand new cases each year in France).
The first phase is characterized by the appearance of a canker lesion Dew, painless, non-inflammatory, clean, well-demarcated becoming hard, letting out a clear liquid. It is located at the genitals (penis, skin, testicles, labia, clitoris, vaginal wall, cervix). It may also be extra-genital (lips, tongue, tonsil, anus) and may go unnoticed. Glands are hard and painless seen in the area of the canker.
The bacterium is responsible for varied manifestations in particular skin (many injuries, some of which are contagious) and mucous membranes (mouth, tongue, vulva, penis, anus). These signs of skin and mucosa are associated with many palpable lymph painless, fatigue, body temperature slightly increased, headache.Meningitis, hepatitis, kidney damage and joint are possible.
It is characterized by neurological damage (known as neurosyphilis), heart, liver, gastrointestinal, renal, laryngeal, ocular, psychiatric disorders. During this phase of the disease (also observed in France), the patient is most contagious.
Latent syphilis is defined as infection with the bacteria without clinical signs but blood serological reactions were found positive. We distinguish early latent syphilis (during the first year after infection) and late latent syphilis (after the first year).
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease, the physician should look for the examination and clinical examination of evidence in favor of another STD (HIV, hepatitis B …).
At the stage of primary syphilis: the physician seeks to determine locations of atypical (extra-genital) canker. It may go unnoticed and syphilis will not be treated may develop into its secondary phase.
The ultramicroscope dark field microscope (especially for the detection of this bacterium) Treponema highlights on samples (serum level of chancre) that must be performed prior to administration of antibiotics. It is the only test that make an early diagnosis at this stage, serological reactions becoming positive 15 days after the onset of canker.
Without treatment, the evolution is done in one third of cases to spontaneous recovery, in another third of cases to secondary and tertiary forms and in a final third to a latent syphilis.
Primary syphilis: the chancre may be confused with chancroid (bound to another seed). The clinical characteristics of the canker and complementary tests can differentiate them.
It is based on the administration of antibiotics. Penicillin G is the drug of reference. Other antibiotics can be used if allergic to penicillin G (macrolides, tetracyclines).
The Herxheimer reaction is sudden worsening of symptoms 6-12 hours after the first dose of antibiotic (fever, malaise, muscle pain). To avoid this reaction, corticosteroids are administered 48 hours before the start of antibiotic therapy.
Monitoring consists of serology every 6 months. The decrease in antibody levels is variable after secondary syphilis. With treatment, it decreases faster. Such monitoring can detect reinfections (réascension antibodies).
Infected patients, the medical research in a systematic way other sexually transmitted diseases (systematic HIV infection) and treated if necessary.
Today, there is a slackening of prevention and return of sexually transmitted infections was believed missing. To not let our guard down and break taboos, Forum Come talk to our forums.
Forum Health Forum Psychology Forum Nutrition
Definition of Autism: syndrome belongs to pervasive developmental disorders.
Autism is a childhood disease that can be diagnosed at an early age (before 3 years). This behavioral disorder that affects mostly boys, is a neurological disorder that causes a failure of communication between the receiving and processing information. People with autism have great difficulty adapting to a social environment, and rarely fail to communicate with others.
The causes of autism are not clearly defined. There is also the childhood autism, other forms of autism. Including: Rett syndrome and Asperger syndrome.
Rett syndrome only affects him, than girls. Genetic neurological disease that appears after the first six months of infant growth, and is mainly characterized by irregular movements of hands, but also by psychomotor retardation.
As with childhood autism, Asperger syndrome is a disorder that affects brain functions.Withdrawal, difficulty communicating with the outside, inconsistent expression of emotions, distorted perception of certain deeds, are the main symptoms.
These criteria were first highlighted by Lorna Wing. They were then taken to the medical classification of the WHO ICD-10. This classification puts autism in the category of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).
The term is also used more or less independently of the diagnostic criteria for qualifying TEDs in general or to identify a symptom or psychological attitude theorized on the basis of so-called ‘autistic withdrawal’ (eg in the case of the Hospital).
It seems that currently, in the state of research, you can link autism to a ‘neurological disorder of early brain development.’ The investigations which would induce this state have not produced any firm conclusions, although combinations of genetic factors are presented as a possible cause of hereditary character.
In terms of clinical diagnosis, for historical reasons linked to the spread of knowledge on these disorders, autism is the term often used for childhood autism from the definition of Leo Kanner, but others separate diagnostic qualified autism, atypical autism as such, and in general Asperger syndrome.
To overcome this ambiguity of terminology, autism and other pervasive development today tend to be grouped under the generic name of autism spectrum disorder (ASD short), even if there are distinctions within this spectrum. According to a July 2009 publication of the Association Autism-Europe:
The word autism is also associated with many considerations that do not fit the clinical disorder. Since the 1990s, authors autism (who had a diagnosis of infantile autism in their childhood) described their view their singularities. Highlighting aspects that are not deficient in particular has been greatly expanded through the Internet.
On the other hand, the current language or journalism tends to use the term autism based on these etymological bases to describe the conduct of someone falling back on itself, refusing to listen to see the others: ‘Autism government ‘for example. If this is common sense, yet it is absolutely not representative of autism in the clinical sense, because ‘the problem of autism is not lack of desire to interact and communicate, but a lack of opportunity to do so. ‘
Treatment
There is no cure for autism. Nevertheless, and in a practical, scientific studies have now demonstrated the efficacy of early treatment using educational methods behavioral (ABA), cognitive (TEACCH) or developmental. The scientific literature is unanimous on this point: we need the intervention is early, massive and structured.
Guides to good practices exist: a French guide to 1996 (but the results of an ‘Autism Plan 2008-2010’ are expected), a guide to the Spanish Ministry of Health newest, SIGN for Scotland in 2007 or guide the State of New York. All references to converge and what is expressed in France in 2008 (CCNE)
Beyond childhood, monitoring lines are proposed by the report of Autism Europe 2009: ‘The treatment plan’ adult’Should focus on:
Screening and diagnosis
There is so far no biological test to detect autism. The diagnosis of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders is clinical and based on development and behavior of children between 0 and 3 years (or beyond in some cases such as Asperger syndrome).
Early detection can then be performed at 18 months of fairly reliable test with the M-CHAT, a pediatrician (or parents if applicable). This test has been validated internationally and is currently being tested in France. In suspicious cases after this test it is recommended that in the months after a detailed diagnosis.
In case of doubt it is very important to seek an early diagnosis. Indeed, all studies on the development of people with autism show that early detection allows the implementation of appropriate care at the earliest, thereby significantly increasing the chances of further progression of the child.
The diagnosis must be supervised by a medical specialist (neurologist or psychiatrist) and must include (see the recommendations of the HAS):
The specialist (neurologist or psychiatrist) performs the synthesis of these elements and his own clinical observations to deliver the diagnosis, which must be made according to the nomenclature of ICD-10, as recommended by the HAS.
Research into the causes (etiology)
However, it was determined that ‘genetic factors are a major cause of autism. But the interaction of many other factors also play a role. ‘
But we often talk about autism in the plural, and autism spectrum, hence the establishment of causes involving the choice of a framework for definition of autism, whether it is applied to the typical autism described by Kanner, if we include Rett syndrome, autism called the ‘high level’ and Asperger syndrome.
Possible causes are multiple genetic abnormalities to infectious or toxic damage, and may be cumulative.Nevertheless, it appears that all forms of autism are associated with brain development differs from the norm, that is why they are among the neuro-developmental disorders.
The theory of heavy metal poisoning
The recent increase in the number of autism cases in industrialized countries suggests that it may have environmental causes. Such as exposure to certain heavy metals (including mercury, but not only) has increased over the past two centuries, it was thought that a link was possible between these two problèmes.Et body of autism (and especially the brain) seems to contain more heavy metals than the average. In addition, the urine of several hundred children with autism show an abnormal frequency analyzed with a high rate of porphyrins (which can be explained by exposure to heavy metals blocking the synthesis of heme and causing renal accumulation and urinary porphyrins .
One theory is that in autism, the natural ability to detoxify the body deal with heavy metals is reduced due to genetic polymorphism, and there might be a causal relationship (direct or indirect) between exposure to the brain heavy metals and some symptoms of autism. These metals are made (possibly in utero) through food, water, dental fillings, some drugs or vaccines, or inhaled air. Metal toxicity to the brain may explain, at least in part the diminished brain response to the perception of voice observed in autism. Mercury has been particularly implicated, including the study of a large cohort of French children, then by an American study followed 37 children with autism (also studied the genetic point of view) in the latter case with clear correlation observed between the severity of autism and the rate of urinary porphyrin. Mercury (or other metals) may inhibit the functions of glutathione antioxidant and detoxifying;Laboratory mice susceptible to autoimmune disease, exposed to repeated injections of thimerosal and neurological damage have behavioral and oxidative stress increased correspondingly to a fall of intracellular glutathione in vitro. (But this theory is further supported by a minority of doctors). This track could not at present be rigorously demonstrated (abnormal levels of heavy metals could be a secondary consequence misunderstood and not a primary cause). The United States dropped in 2008 a clinical study on the subject under medical risks incurred by participants.
A possible link proposed by empirical experiments of casein or gluten-free diet, is the permeability of the intestine to the opioid peptides which can be increased for various reasons, including exposure to heavy metals.
Brain abnormalities and defects of the placenta
Scientists have discovered that the earliest indicators of autism to date could be the presence of defective cells in the placenta.The discovery could lead to earlier diagnosis of developmental disorder that affects about one in 200 children and can result in learning difficulties, speech problems and difficulty in interpersonal relationships.
There cytoarchitectonic abnormalities in the limbic system and cerebellum. The increased size was observed in some cells and a decrease in intercellular connections. ‘The absence of anomalies in other regions suggests that the lesions occur before 23 weeks gestation.’ Volumetric changes were also found in the amygdala of the brain, the cerebellar vermis (inconstant), temporal lobe and from different parts of the ‘default-mode network’ (see below). These anomalies may reflect a failure of brain maturation probably genetic.
It was revealed the presence of defective cells in the placenta of children with Asperger syndrome, with presence of abnormal microscopic wells, three times more numerous than in normal placentas.These findings could lead to early diagnosis of a disorder.
All this research should be viewed with caution but they are confirmed it could open new horizons for the detection, treatment and possibly the beam causal factors that are involved in autism.
Genetic causes
By 1964, in his book Infantile Autism: The Syndrome and Its Implications for a Neural Theory of Behavior Bernard Rimland suggested the possibility of genetic factors in the etiology of autism.
There is a strong preponderance of autistic disorder to genetic diseases identified, which together account for 10% of those identified as autism (Fragile X Syndrome, Rett Syndrome, Sotos Syndrome, Joubert syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type I; Sclerosis Tuberous, Prader-Willy, Angelman Syndrome).
The evidence for the genetic origin of autism [Ref. desired]:
In addition, abnormalities mitrochondriales, particularly in its DNA, seem more common in children with autism.
Area of voice perception
[Ref. desired]
A team of French-Canadian researchers, published in the monthly Nature Neuroscience and was highly publicized in 2004, the ‘perception of voice’ active in normal brain specific area on the outer surface of the left superior temporal sulcus, whereas in subjects with autism, the voice does not cause activation of this area. This handicap has therefore a mistake of the recognition of the human voice.
This discovery whose findings remain to be confirmed brings new light to the understanding of major communication disorders suffered by autism. Behavioral studies have already allowed to observe the deficit in voice perception in autism, and in 2000, other teams had already showed abnormalities at what we think we can consider as the area specializes in face recognition.
This work thus supports the hypothesis that autism is linked to a number of deficits in the perception of social stimuli (voice, intonation, facial expressions …), and could allow the development of new educational strategies for taking Early management of very young patients, if future studies confirm that such anomalies can already be found in very young patients 12 to 18 months. This could confirm that these very young children are struggling to identify and respond to basic social cues, such as answering the smile of their mother or to reach out, and it could be established therapies communication designed to activate brain systems disrupted.
More recent experiments have demonstrated that, far from showing any reaction (deficit), the human voice, ‘perception of voice’In subjects with autistic disorder activates an area in the right cerebral hemisphere corresponding to a range of emotional processing (including those induced by listening to music) in normal subjects.
Functional imaging (fMRI) has objectified defects of brain activation (compared with a matched group in age and IQ control) in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) connected to prefrontal cortex ventral-dorsal, inferior parietal and peritonsillar, and involved: 1. in recognition of the intentional aspects, social and emotional voice, gaze and movements, 2. of imitation (neuron system ‘mirrors’), and 3. the attribution of intentional acts and thoughts to others (which leads to a disruption in the development of the ‘mental theory of mind’). Studies in Voxel-Based morphometry-measuring the volume of white matter and gray matter volume also indicated significantly reduced in STS and knew from the first temporal gyrus in autism.The hypothesis of an attack dysconnective this circuit, of genetic origin, which would result in early deterioration of the decoding of emotional cues and social problems in motor and vocal expressions (especially gaze direction) in autism has been issued.
Recently (Kennedy et al., 2006), differences in activation of ‘default-mode network (DMN) involving the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and precuneus, were seen in autism compared to normal subjects. MND is a neural network-specific state of ‘rest’ involved in mental imagery, episodic memory, the agents how self-consciousness … and that is ‘Disabled’ during procedures and intentional attentional. There are, moreover, a significant correlation between the degree of deactivation of DMN during such a procedure, and social disruption in autism. It was also shown a reduced activation of fronto-parietal network that is supposed to regulate interactions between DMN and circuits related to attention (Cherkassy et al., 2006).In this case, the achievement of DMN could instead reflect an under-default activation of fronto-parietal this modulator. In any case, there would be a breach of joint brain networks responsible for perception of inner experience the rest of the representation of mental states of others and empathy.
In France, the day hospitals are not designed for children with autism because success in these institutions does not exceed 8%, it is strongly recommended that parents of children with autism to look for plants using methods known as ‘behavioral’ as the ABA as the success of these behavioral methods exceeds 50%, and we must act as soon as possible to increase his chances.
Literature
Video and Film
Wikimedia Commons has media related to autism.
Overview
Meaning of Autism Spectrum
In 1982, Lorna Wing highlights three features by showing their prevalence in the developmental disorders:
But if this triad tends to be applied to the definition of autism as it demonstrated by Kanner, it remains representative of a wider spectrum than the first definition. The concept of autism spectrum disorder introduced in 1988, allowing inclusion of other disorders representing these criteria without confusing them with infantile autism. It says for instance in 2008 as part of neuropsychiatry:
Categorization of disorders related to autism
The use of classifications used to categorize the various forms of autism, as well as differentiate them from other disorders. However, a classification is a representation of reality, not reality itself, ie it does not create an order of reality, but it categorizes those found in reality it is external.If the criteria seem about to change significantly, ICD-10 the World Health Organization remains the reference in 2009 to distinguish the different disorders autism and compare the criteria of national identification:
The DSM IV classification is the benchmark U.S. and French CFTMEA a reference. However, in France, according to the recommendations of the High Authority of health diagnosis must be made now based on international classifications. When a diagnosis is made using the French classification CFTMEA, equivalence ICD-10 should be explicitly mentioned (the use of international classifications is to enable all stakeholders, professionals and parents to have better communication with the Using the same terminology).
Infantile autism
Infantile autism is also called early childhood autism (also translated early infantile autism), childhood psychosis, Kanner’s syndrome or autism.The term autism, without any additional returns most often to this identification, but often by extending more or less (as seen in the criteria used in epidemiological studies are supposed to count with autism).
Identification criteria are discussed since we saw people diagnosed with autism grow out qualification criteria for autism. The concept of high-functioning autism then appeared, but the trend is towards the opening of the primary criteria to create a further distinction.
Rett Syndrome
Rett syndrome is a genetic disease. There is a high prevalence of autistic disorder in nature as part of this disease, but talking with autism in this case remains very controversial. And accounts for epidemiological this syndrome is sometimes included and sometimes excluded from counts.
Asperger Syndrome
First called autistic psychopathy (in 1943) this syndrome is considered a form of autism.It is included in the counts epidemiology of autism, but the diagnostic criteria are very different from infantile autism, and a little less of autism called high level, even if limits were raised in comparison of verbal IQ and performance.
Epidemiology
Several publications report a prevalence rate of over 60 children in 10 000 affected by a form of autism, 1 in 166 children. In the United States in 2000 in England in 2001 in France in 2002.
This figure would increase according to recent epidemiological studies in the U.S. since 2000 by the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention), hundreds of thousands of children: the prevalence of autism now reach 150 children, a boy of 94. This raised the question of the reason for the changing prevalence of autism diagnosed.The answers provided are improved diagnosis, broader inclusion of children previously treated in another way, that is to say otherwise diagnosed, or an increase in the number of autism.
By Country
Notice No. 102 of the National Advisory Committee on Ethics (CCNE) indicates that France is lagging behind compared to countries of Northern Europe or Anglo-Saxon, as regards the diagnosis and access to support adapted education. The report criticizes the plight of families in France, the succession of reports and legislation ineffective for over ten years and the continued application of psychoanalytic theories, theories that other developed countries have abandoned in the 1980s .
In France, autism concerns over a hundred thousand people, children and adults, three cases involving four men .. This figure underestimates the reality.Their support is currently too often inadequate, much to the chagrin of their parents and relatives who may live a real nightmare because of the lack of adequate facilities to support academic, educational, social and therapeutic aspects of children .
Families can contact the Autism Resource Centre in their area to obtain a diagnosis according to international criteria. Associations of parents and professionals have been created to accompany autism and their families with educational support individuals with autism and support for families.
The proportion of people with autism in Morocco is estimated at about 60,000, most of which is supported solely by the family. There were centers in major cities such as Casablanca and Rabat, which are also closed so far. The schooling of children with autism depends essentially private initiatives.